What Are The Good Parts Of Animal Testing?

Each yr, more than than 100 million animals—including mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, monkeys, fish, and birds—are killed in U.S. laboratories for biological science lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, nutrient, and cosmetics testing. Before their deaths, some are forced to inhale toxic fumes, others are immobilized in restraint devices for hours, some have holes drilled into their skulls, and others have their skin burned off or their spinal cords crushed. In add-on to the torment of the actual experiments, animals in laboratories are deprived of everything that is natural and important to them—they are confined to barren cages, socially isolated, and psychologically traumatized. The thinking, feeling animals who are used in experiments are treated similar zero more than than dispensable laboratory equipment.

Creature Experiments Are Wasteful and Unreliable

A Pew Research Center poll found that 52 pct of U.S. adults oppose the use of animals in scientific research, and other surveys suggest that the shrinking group that does take fauna experimentation does and then only because it believes it to be necessary for medical progress.^v,6 The majority of animal experiments practise not contribute to improving human being health, and the value of the function that fauna experimentation plays in most medical advances is questionable.

In an commodity published in The Periodical of the American Medical Association, researchers found that medical treatments developed in animals rarely translated to humans and warned that "patients and physicians should remain cautious well-nigh extrapolating the finding of prominent animal research to the care of human illness … poor replication of even high-quality creature studies should exist expected by those who acquit clinical inquiry."⁷

Diseases that are artificially induced in animals in a laboratory, whether they be mice or monkeys, are never identical to those that occur naturally in human beings. And because animal species differ from one some other biologically in many significant ways, it becomes fifty-fifty more than unlikely that animal experiments will yield results that will be correctly interpreted and applied to the human being condition in a meaningful manner.

For example, according to sometime National Cancer Institute Managing director Dr. Richard Klausner, "Nosotros accept cured mice of cancer for decades, and information technology only didn't work in humans."⁸ This conclusion was echoed by former National Institutes of Health (NIH) Managing director Dr. Elias Zerhouni, who acknowledged that experimenting on animals has been a boondoggle. "Nosotros accept moved away from studying homo disease in humans," he said. "Nosotros all drank the Kool-Aid on that one, me included. … The problem is that it hasn't worked, and it's time we stopped dancing around the trouble. … Nosotros need to refocus and suit new methodologies for utilise in humans to understand disease biological science in humans."⁹

The data is sobering: Although at least 85 HIV/AIDS vaccines take been successful in nonhuman primate studies, equally of 2015, every one has failed to protect humans.¹⁰ In ane case, an AIDS vaccine that was shown to be effective in monkeys failed in human clinical trials considering it did not prevent people from developing AIDS, and some believe that it made them more than susceptible to the disease. According to a written report in the British newspaper The Independent, ane conclusion from the failed study was that "testing HIV vaccines on monkeys earlier they are used on humans, does not in fact work."¹¹

These are not anomalies. The National Institutes of Health has stated, "Therapeutic development is a costly, circuitous and time-consuming process. The average length of fourth dimension from target discovery to approval of a new drug is about xiv years. The failure charge per unit during this process exceeds 95 percentage, and the price per successful drug can be $1 billion or more."¹²

Research published in the periodical Annals of Internal Medicine revealed that universities commonly exaggerate findings from animal experiments conducted in their laboratories and "often promote research that has uncertain relevance to human being health and do non provide key facts or acknowledge of import limitations."^thirteen One study of media coverage of scientific meetings ended that news stories often omit crucial information and that "the public may be misled nigh the validity and relevance of the science presented."^xiv Considering experimenters rarely publish results of failed animal studies, other scientists and the public do not have gear up admission to information on the ineffectiveness of animal experimentation.

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Funding and Accountability

Through their taxes, charitable donations, and purchases of lottery tickets and consumer products, members of the public are ultimately the ones who—knowingly or unknowingly—fund creature experimentation. 1 of the largest sources of funding comes from publicly funded government granting agencies such every bit NIH. Approximately 47 percent of NIH-funded research involves experimentation on animals, and in 2020, NIH approaching most $42 billion for research and evolution.^xv,16 In addition, many charities––including the March of Dimes, the American Cancer Society, and endless others—use donations to fund experiments on animals. One-third of the projects funded by the National Multiple Sclerosis Lodge involve animal experimentation.¹⁷

Despite the vast amount of public funds being used to underwrite animal experimentation, it is about incommunicable for the public to obtain current and complete information regarding the animal experiments that are being carried out in their communities or funded with their tax dollars. State open-records laws and the U.Southward. Freedom of Data Human action tin can exist used to obtain documents and information from state institutions, government agencies, and other federally funded facilities, but individual companies, contract labs, and animate being breeders are exempt. In many cases, institutions that are subject to open-records laws fight vigorously to withhold information about animal experimentation from the public.¹⁸

Oversight and Regulation

Despite the countless animals killed each year in laboratories worldwide, most countries have grossly inadequate regulatory measures in place to protect animals from suffering and distress or to foreclose them from being used when a non-animal approach is readily available. In the U.Due south., the species most commonly used in experiments (mice, rats, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians) comprise 99% of all animals in laboratories but are specifically exempted from even the minimal protections of the federal Animal Welfare Human action (AWA).^xix,20 Many laboratories that utilize only these species are not required past police force to provide animals with hurting relief or veterinarian intendance, to search for and consider alternatives to fauna use, to have an institutional committee review proposed experiments, or to exist inspected past the U.S. Department of Agronomics (USDA) or any other entity. Some estimates indicate that every bit many as 800 U.S. laboratories are non subject area to federal laws and inspections because they experiment exclusively on mice, rats, and other animals whose utilize is largely unregulated.²¹

As for the more than 11,000 facilities that the USDA does regulate (of which more than ane,200 are designated for "research"), only 120 USDA inspectors are employed to oversee their operations.²² Reports have repeatedly ended that fifty-fifty the minimal standards set forth by the AWA are non being met by these facilities, and institutionally based oversight bodies, called Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), accept failed to bear out their mandate. A 1995 report past the USDA's Function of the Inspector General (OIG) "found that the activities of the IACUCs did not always meet the standards of the AWA. Some IACUCs did not ensure that unnecessary or repetitive experiments would non be performed on laboratory animals."²³ In 2000, a USDA survey of the agency'southward laboratory inspectors revealed serious problems in numerous areas, including "the search for alternatives [and] review of painful procedures."²⁴ A September 2005 inspect report issued by the OIG found ongoing "bug with the search for culling enquiry, veterinary care, review of painful procedures, and the researchers' use of animals."²⁵ In December 2014, an OIG report documented standing problems with laboratories failing to comply with the minimal AWA standards and the USDA's weak enforcement actions failing to deter hereafter violations. The audit highlighted that from 2009 to 2011, USDA inspectors cited 531 experimentation facilities for 1,379 violations stemming from the IACUCs' failure to fairly review and monitor the apply of animals. The inspect also adamant that in 2012, the USDA reduced its penalties to AWA violators by an average of 86 percent, even in cases involving animal deaths and egregious violations.²⁶

Inquiry co-authored past PETA documented that, on average, animal experimenters and laboratory veterinarians incorporate a combined 82 percent of the membership of IACUCs at leading U.S. institutions. A whopping 98.6 percent of the leadership of these IACUCs was also made upwards of creature experimenters. The authors observed that the ascendant office played by animal experimenters on these committees "may dilute input from the few IACUC members representing animal welfare and the general public, contribute to previously-documented committee bias in favor of approving creature experiments and reduce the overall objectivity and effectiveness of the oversight arrangement."²⁷ Even when facilities are fully compliant with the law, animals who are covered tin exist burned, shocked, poisoned, isolated, starved, forcibly restrained, addicted to drugs, and brain-damaged. No procedures or experiments, regardless of how piddling or painful they may be, are prohibited by federal law. When valid non-animal enquiry methods are bachelor, no federal police requires experimenters to employ such methods instead of animals.

Alternatives to Animal Testing

A high-profile study published in the prestigious BMJ (formerly British Medical Periodical) documenting the ineffectiveness and waste product of experimentation on animals concluded that "if research conducted on animals continues to be unable to reasonably predict what can be expected in humans, the public'south standing endorsement and funding of preclinical animal research seems misplaced."²⁸

Research with homo volunteers, sophisticated computational methods, and in vitro studies based on human cells and tissues are critical to the advocacy of medicine. Cut-edge not-animal research methods are available and have been shown time and once again to be more than authentic than crude animal experiments.²⁹ Still, this modern research requires a different outlook, one that is creative and compassionate and embraces the underlying philosophy of ethical scientific discipline. Homo wellness and well-being can also exist promoted by adopting nonviolent methods of scientific investigation and concentrating on the prevention of disease before information technology occurs, through lifestyle modification and the prevention of further environmental pollution and degradation. The public is condign more aware and more song almost the cruelty and inadequacy of the current research organisation and is demanding that revenue enhancement dollars and charitable donations not exist used to fund experiments on animals.

History of Animate being Testing

PETA created "Without Consent"—an interactive timeline featuring nigh 200 stories of animal experiments from the past century—to open people's eyes to the long history of suffering that'due south been inflicted on nonconsenting animals in laboratories and to claiming people to rethink this exploitation. Visit "Without Consent" to learn more about harrowing beast experiments throughout history and how you can help create a improve hereafter for living, feeling beings.

Without Consent

You Tin can Help Finish Animal Testing

About all federally funded enquiry is paid for with your tax dollars. Your lawmakers needs to know that you lot don't want your coin used to pay for animal experiments.

Urge your members of Congress to endorse PETA's Research Modernization Deal, which provides a roadmap for modernizing U.S. investment in research by ending funding for useless experiments on animals and investing in effective inquiry that's relevant to humans.

Take Action

Not a U.Due south. Resident? Take Action Here

Animal Testing Facts and Figures

Usa (2019)^ane,2

• Well-nigh ane million animals are held captive in laboratories or used in experiments (excluding rats, mice, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and agricultural animals used in agricultural experiments), plus an estimated 100 million mice and rats

Canada (2020)³

• five.07 million animals used in experiments
• 94,543 animals subjected to "severe hurting near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized witting animals"

Great britain(2020)^iv

• 2.88 million procedures on animals
• Of the one.4 million experiments completed in 2020, 57,600 were assessed as "severe," including "long-term illness processes where assist with normal activities such as feeding and drinking are required or where significant deficits in behaviours/activities persist."

References

¹Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Annual Study Animal Usage by Fiscal Year: Full Number of Animals Research Facilities Used in Regulated Activities (Column B)" and "Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Yr: Total Number of Animals Enquiry Facilities used in Regulated Activities (Cavalcade F)," 27 Apr. 2021.
²Madhusree Mukerjee, "Speaking for the Animals: A Veterinarian Analyzes the Turf Battles That Accept Transformed the Creature Laboratory," Scientific American, Aug. 2004.
³Canadian Council on Fauna Care,"CCAC 2020 Animal Data Report," 2021
⁴ U.Thousand. Government, "Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great United kingdom 2020," Abode Function, 15 July 2021.
⁵Cary Funk and 1000000 Hefferon, "Near Americans Accept Genetic Engineering of Animals That Benefits Human Health, but Many Oppose Other Uses," Pew Research Center, 16 Aug. 2018
⁶Peter Aldhous and Andy Coghlan, "Let the People Speak," New Scientist 22 May 1999.
⁷Daniel G. Hackam, Thousand.D., and Donald A. Redelmeier, Yard.D., "Translation of Research Prove From Animals to Human," The Periodical of the American Medical Clan 296 (2006): 1731-2.
^eightMarlene Simmons et al., "Cancer-Cure Story Raises New Questions," Los Angeles Times 6 May 1998.
^ixRich McManus, "Ex-Manager Zerhouni Surveys Value of NIH Research," NIH Tape 21 June 2013.
¹⁰Jarrod Bailey, "An Cess of the Part of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research," Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36 (2008): 381-428.
¹¹Steve Connor and Chris Green, "Is It Fourth dimension to Surrender the Search for an AIDS Vaccine?" The Independent 24 April. 2008.
¹²National Institutes of Health, "About New Therapeutic Uses," National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences 9 October. 2019.
¹³Steve Woloshin, M.D., Thou.South., et al., "Press Releases by Academic Medical Centers: Not So Academic?" Register of Internal Medicine 150 (2009): 613-8.
¹⁴Steven Woloshin and Lisa Schwartz, "Media Reporting on Research Presented at Scientific Meetings: More Caution Needed," The Medical Journal of Australia 184 (2006): 576-eighty.
¹⁵Diana Due east. Pankevich et al., "International Creature Research Regulations: Impact on Neuroscience Inquiry," The National Academies (2012).
¹⁶National Institutes of Health, "Upkeep," (terminal accessed on 3 May 2021).
¹⁷Pankevich et afifty.
^eighteenDeborah Ziff, "On Campus: PETA Sues UW Over Access to Inquiry Records," Wisconsin Land Journal five April. 2010.
¹⁹U.S. Section of Agriculture, Creature and Found Health Inspection Service, "Animal Welfare, Definition of Animal," Federal Register, 69 (2004): 31513-iv.
²⁰Justin Goodman et al., "Trends in Animal Employ at US Research Facilities," Journal of Medical Ethics 0(2015): ane-iii.
²¹The Associated Press, "Animate being Welfare Act May Not Protect All Critters," 7 May 2002.
²²U.Southward. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, "Fauna Care: Search."
²³U.Due south. Department of Agronomics, Office of Inspector General, "APHIS Animate being Care Program, Inspection and Enforcement Activities," audit report, thirty Sept. 2005.
²⁴U.S. Department of Agronomics, Fauna and Plant Health Inspection Service, "USDA Employee Survey on the Effectiveness of IACUC Regulations," Apr. 2000.
²⁵U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, "APHIS Fauna Care Plan, Inspection and Enforcement Activities," audit report, 30 Sept. 2005.
²⁶U.S. Department of Agriculture, Function of Inspector General, "Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Oversight of Inquiry Facilities," audit report, Dec. 2014.
²⁷Lawrence A. Hansen et al., "Analysis of Animal Research Ethics Commission Membership at American Institutions," Animals 2 (2012): 68-75.
²⁸Pandora Pound and Michael Bracken, "Is Brute Research Sufficiently Testify Based To Be A Cornerstone of Biomedical Inquiry?," BMJ (2014): 348.
²⁹Junhee Seok et al., "Genomic Responses in Mouse Models Poorly Mimic Human Inflammatory Diseases," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (2013): 3507-12.

Source: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/

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